What determines the amount of Social Security benefits received by a covered worker?

The amount of Social Security benefits received by a covered worker is determined primarily by how much the worker has paid in taxes over their working life, which is directly correlated with the worker's earnings history. The Social Security Administration uses a formula that is based on the worker's earnings, which reflects both the duration and amount of income earned throughout their working years.

While the worker’s age at retirement can affect the timing of benefits and whether they have chosen early or delayed retirement, it does not influence the fundamental calculation of the benefit amount itself. The number of dependents may impact the additional benefits that can be provided to spouses or children, but it does not alter the primary calculation of the worker's own retirement benefit. Thus, the correct answer accurately reflects the significance of the worker's earnings history in determining the amount of benefits they will receive.